一次远距离台风暴雨中尺度对流系统的分析

利用多普勒雷达、气象卫星、自动气象站等监测数据以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对安徽省一次远距离台风暴雨中尺度对流系统的环流背景、内部结构及其演变进行了系统分析。结果表明:1)低层台风外围偏东气流的输送使得暴雨区增温增湿,进而增强中纬度大气的不稳定度;西风槽前的上升运动有利于暴雨区低层辐合的加强和垂直运动的发展维持。2)强降水过程主要由两个β中尺度对流系统造成,在暴雨区上空β中尺度对流系统的新生维持是强降水维持较长时间的重要原因。3)雷达回波和地面要素场上,强降水表现为两个β中尺度的对流系统的生成发展,中尺度对流系统锋生的原因虽各有不同,但对流的发展与地面中尺度辐合线和加强的中尺度低压有关。γ中尺度的强对流单体是造成局地降水峰值的直接原因。4)两段强降水的出现都表现出中纬度系统和台风外围气流的相互作用,低层冷空气的触发以及西风槽前暖湿气流的加强都会使降水有明显的增幅。5)雷达速度场上,β中尺度对流系统的加强和低层暖湿气流的加强紧密相关。γ中尺度对流系统的生成则是由速度场上小尺度的风速辐合造成。     

孟加拉湾春季小型暖池对热带气旋的影响研究

本文研究了2017年春季孟加拉湾小型暖池对热带气旋Maarutha（4月14-17日）以及热带气旋Mora（5月27-30日）的影响.利用卫星遥感和现场观测数据分析发现,尽管春季孟加拉湾热带气旋确实能引起海洋上层冷却效应,但是其冷却强度受到暖池强度的影响.本文进一步对比孟加拉湾小型暖池对两个热带气旋的响应情况,发现当春季小型暖池的温度大于31℃（热带气旋Mora期间）,暖池效应能有效抑制海洋上层混合层的加深,降低热带气旋引起的潜热通量损失带来的冷却效应,并在一定程度上加强了热带气旋.     

复杂山地环境下雷暴天气中的地基微波辐射计影响距离分析

利用2017年2月-2018年10月地基微波辐射计和无线电探空仪、闪电和雷达数据, 首先评估了微波辐射计温度和绝对湿度在不同高度的探测性能, 微波辐射计和无线电探空仪不同高度的温度的相关系数为0.800~0.985, 绝对湿度的相关系数为0.600~0.916;微波辐射计温度的标准差为3.9~6.1℃, 绝对湿度的标准差为0~4 g/m3, 无线电探空仪温度的标准差为4.2~6.1℃, 绝对湿度的标准差为0.1~4.2 g/m3; 微波辐射计和无线电探空仪温度绝对误差的标准差为1.06~2.90℃, 绝对湿度绝对误差的标准差为0.08~2.02 g/m3。二者K指数相关系数为0.945。其次利用K指数上升和下降到35℃的时次和不同距离闪电开始和结束时次做相关性分析, 结果表明在30 km处具有最大的相关系数(0.864), 这可能就是微波辐射计温度和湿度在复杂山地下雷暴天气中能够代表的大气层结的有效距离。最后统计分析了微波辐射计K指数上升达35℃时, 90%上游移向微波辐射计的雷暴回波(30 dBZ雷达回波超过-15℃高度层)距离微波辐射计平均距离为35.3 km, 移到微波辐射计附近平均需要92.8分钟, 局地雷暴(40 km以内)生成需要138.2分钟。      

FY-4A白天对流风暴和闪电产品在华北强雷暴天气分析中的应用

我国第二代静止气象卫星FY-4A观测能力较之前有明显提升,在天气特别是对流性天气监测和预测中具有较强的应用潜力。利用FY-4A气象卫星多通道扫描辐射成像仪(Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager,AGRI)和闪电成像仪(Lightning Mapping Imager,LMI)数据开展研究,分析了反演产品在强雷暴天气中的应用。研究表明,扫描辐射成像仪多通道组合白天对流风暴红-绿-蓝（red-green-blue,RGB）合成产品可以突出具有强上升气流的对流性雷暴云,较单通道及多通道可见光合成产品具有监测优势;闪电成像仪产品较地面闪电探测闪电产品能够探测到更多的闪电,对新生对流和较弱对流产生的闪电监测具有优势;在华北和黄淮一次强雷暴天气过程中,白天对流风暴RGB合成产品能够监测云系发展的过程,卫星监测闪电活动频数和冰雹活动一致性较好。     

SAMPLE OPTIMIZATION OF ENSEMBLE FORECAST TO SIMULATE TROPICAL STORMS (MERBOK, MAWAR, AND GUCHOL) USING THE OBSERVED TRACK

Nowadays, ensemble forecasting is popular in numerical weather prediction (NWP). However, an ensemble may not produce a perfect Gaussian probability distribution owing to limited members and the fact that some members significantly deviate from the true atmospheric state. Therefore, event samples with small probabilities may downgrade the accuracy of an ensemble forecast. In this study, the evolution of tropical storms (weak typhoon) was investigated and an observed tropical storm track was used to limit the probability distribution of samples. The ensemble forecast method used pure observation data instead of assimilated data. In addition, the prediction results for three tropical storm systems, Merbok, Mawar, and Guchol, showed that track and intensity errors could be reduced through sample optimization. In the research, the vertical structures of these tropical storms were compared, and the existence of different thermal structures was discovered. One possible reason for structural differences is sample optimization, and it may affect storm intensity and track.     

STUDY ON SENSITIVITY OF WIND FIELD VARIATION TO STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT OF CONVECTIVE STORMS

A numerical experiment was carried out on individual cases of severe convections in the Jianghuai area under cold vortex on April 28, 2015 in order to study the impact of wind field variations at the middle and low troposphere on the development and structure of storms. The results show that the structure and development of convective storm is highly sensitive to the changes of wind fields, and the adjustment of wind field at the middle or low troposphere will lead to significant changes in the development and intensity of storms. When the wind field at the middle or low troposphere is weakened, the convective development suffers different degrees of attenuation compared with the control experiment, and the ways of attenuation of the two levels are different. In the attenuation test of wind field at the middle level, convection is obviously weak at all stages of its development, while for the wind field at the low level, the convective development is weak only in the initial development stage of storm. On the contrary, the enhancement of the wind field at the middle or low troposphere is conducive to the development of convection, especially the enhancement of the wind field at the middle troposphere. In comparison, the convection develops rapidly in this test, as the most intensive one. The wind field variations have a significant impact on the structure and organization of the storm. The enhancement of the wind field at the middle troposphere makes for the intension of the middle-level swirl of convective storm, the reduction of the storm scale, and the organized evolution of convection. The development of the wind field at the low level troposphere is conducive to the development of the low-level secondary circulation of the storm and the cyclonic vorticity at the middle and low levels at the inflowing side.     

滨海核电可能最大台风浪的推算

采用当前国际流行的第三代波浪模式SWAN探讨了滨海核电工程可能最大台风浪的计算,并分析了可能最大台风浪与相伴随的可能最大风暴潮成长规律.分析得可能最大台风浪通常滞后可能最大风暴潮增水峰值,推算得到的可能最大台风浪高于遮浪海洋站观测到的最大波高,为滨海核电工程可能最大台风浪的推算提供参考.     

渤海典型温带风暴潮数值模拟及改进实验

分析了2010年渤海两次典型温带风暴潮过程及规律,发现沿岸的最大增水基本由北沿渤海西岸向南传播且各站出现最大增水时间有较稳定的滞后,利用一套基于非结构网格的高分辨率风暴潮模式(ADCirc)和NMEFC温带风暴潮模式(CES)分别对“20101212”强温带风暴潮过程进行数值模拟,对比分析其结果的优劣后提出基于测站风场...     

浙江海门站风暴潮增水特征及其预报

台州湾地区是浙江省风暴潮灾害重灾区之一,海门站位于浙江台州湾口门处.本文分析1950-2004年间对浙江造成重大影响的台风风暴潮过程,了解海门站台风风暴增水特征,并结合实际预报工作初步探讨海门站风暴潮预报方法和预报着眼点.     

影响我国的重大台风风暴潮时空分布

统计了1949-2009年 间发生在我国大陆沿海的38次达到红色预警级别的重大台风风暴潮过程,分析了其在空间、时间上的分布规律.分析结果表明:红色台风风暴潮灾害的发生次数呈上升趋势,且多发生在7-9月间,9月最多:长江口到福建泉州一带沿海和珠江口到海南岛东北部一带沿海是红色台风风暴潮灾害的高风险区.